Quantitative analysis based on density ...

Asthma in asthma, lung X-ray, often completely normal. There are no concrete results of radiological and object radiography partially exclude other causes of shortness of breath, such as

swelling or trachea, and partly to identify complications such as pneumothorax or atelectasis caused by mucous plugs. Chronic bronchitis, like asthma, chronic bronchitis, defined on the basis of clinical picture. Half of patients with chronic bronchitis with normal X-ray, as well as changes that occur due to secondary conditions such as pneumonia or. Striped or colored cloud may be associated with scars after past infections, possibly in combination with liquid filled bronchiectatic cavity. Bronhografiya shows irregularities in the walls and extended openings of mucous glands, and the tree

has fewer branches and rough than usual. Unlike asthma and chronic bronchitis,

defined in strict morphological terms as a condition characterized by abnormal lung continued expansion of air spaces distal bronchioles, accompanied by destruction of their walls without obvious. The definition does not include any functional impairment or respiratory tract. Thus, incorrect function tests respiratory tract or

not always present in. a general framework with multiple causes and effects. Images features correlate well with microscopy of serial sections, at least with different functional parameters. can be pan-atsynarnyh with all acinuses, or it can be localized only in the central, or only in the peripheral part acinuses (tsentrodolevaya and paraseptal >> <<). Table 3. Classification of diagnosis of chest film (Fig. 42) based on:

1. Signs of hyperinflation (apartments, increased space sternum, bull, big chest cage), and

2. criteria (decreased peripheral vascular vasoconstriction midline, local avaskulyarnyy areas, large >> << overall diagnostic accuracy of 65-80% depending on the clinical material studied. false negative rates are significant. >> << , increases with increasing severity in the studied population. relatively well with few false positives. This is a result of >> << to misinterpretation of normal blood flow changes, breach

cell asymmetry

soft tissue (mastectomy, muscle atrophy) or overexposed radiographs,

emphysematous conditions may be associated with respiratory tract (air capture) such as chronic bronchitis, foreign bodies (Fig. 43) or

part. without going to the destruction of lung tissue (eg tsentrodolevaya) or compensation, when, for example, the share of light expands into space in the chest cavity after lobectomy. Hyperinflation, the best period for expansion airspace without tissue destruction. As at third of patients with extensive, aerated thin cavities or bullae appear. They can range from less than one to several centimeters in diameter, and sometimes increase to such an extent that one or several bullae can occupy most of the chest cavity and compress the other, healthy tissues of the lungs (Fig. 44). cause of unilateral (in MacLeod syndrome) is not known. He suggested that the condition is caused by an infectious condition in childhood, with the assistance of small bronchi and bronchioles, causing

and expansion of peripheral airspace. by light has small, and both arteries and

tree branches less than usual. light more than enlightenment opposite light and keeps its volume during exhalation. Another reason is the one-sided unilateral lung transplantation treatment. remaining emphysematous lung will push << transplanted >> to the lungs. C unit bronchus in the neonatal period,

partial it may happen that only includes a share. important not to confuse this type of compensation from

through atelectatis adjacent lobe of the lung. Computer 'Computer Tomography (particularly high) was very helpful in diagnosis. classification

Quantitative analysis, or

Quantitative analysis based on density measurements with different density of points or indexes. In visual grading, the emphasis on not peripheral, unmarginated areas with low attenuation. surpasses traditional X-ray detection, classification and characteristics >> << and between observer agreement and better. useful in identifying bulls and in assessing the indications for bullectomy. bronchi in healthy individuals, tree

has smooth walls and gauge the branches gradually decreases to the periphery. In bronchiectasis, irreversible enlargement

fields occurs. This may be due to >> << or acquired weakness of the wall due to infection with the reduction and pulling on the wall, or chronic. There is often a combination of reasons. cylindrical bronchiectasis is present when a branch

maintains its caliber without peripheral narrowing. Other types include

- bronchiectasis, which has the appearance simulates bunches of grapes, or there may be several consecutive tensions Branch

(Fig. 45). Standard radiographs may be normal. In some people, expanded area shown as round opacity (Fig. 46). When they contain some dependent fluid diagnosis easier, as the liquid becomes a crescent shape with a concave top. When dilated bronchi filled with fluid or pus, they appear as elongated cloud, often in proportion to the decrease of volume. Bronhografiya was more common exam when bronchiectasis is suspected, and determine the degree of illness for possible lobectomy. High >> << ; can demonstrate bronchiectasis (Fig. 47), and the need for Bronhografiya therefore reduced. atelectasis is a term used to describe the volume is reduced, collapsed nonaerated lung tissue. atelectasis is a condition that can be

or acquired and atelectatic area may be limited to a small portion of the segment or can be a collapse of the whole to be here or lungs. atelectasis can be caused from bronchial or external compression of lung tissue. Table 4. Causes of Table 5. Table 6. radiological fin ringing with the collapse of equity or In the presence of segmental collapse in the upper lobes, lateral films will be shown to the rear limit of collapsed particles clearly. In front of the picture, head >> << path will be destroyed (Fig. 48). On the left hand margin of >> << will be destroyed because ligulate lobe of the left upper lobe. side path collapsed upper lobe of right lung is usually different, because the beam

tangent to the top border of displaced middle lobe. lateral border

collapsed left upper lobe is usually unclear, and the opacity is very gradual transition to normal aerated tissue in the hyperinflated left lower lobe. collapsed lower lobes tend to have a clear line in the frontal film. collapsed left lobe may be hidden behind the heart shadow furosemide lasix and just watched the retrocardiac triangular opacity on well into movies. in the side, the lower lobes collapsed not have a clear front border, but they will be identified as the column

which appears gradually darker towards, for it seems easier because of the nearby collapsed particles (Fig. 49 b + 50 + b). dome >> << deleted where there is no normal aerated lung tissue adjacent (Fig. 48). atelectatic middle blade clearly visible in side narrow triangular transparency film on goal. In front film, the right contour of the heart removed. Fast-average share

, atelectasis with adequate physiotherapy is important because re-expansion can be difficult. Inadequate re-expansion can lead to secondary particle. in full collapse, the volume of the lower part can be so small that it can be difficult to recognize. There will be a significant compensatory hyperinflation of the upper lobe, which may be incorrectly interpreted as a unilateral emphysematous lungs. Thorough examination usually shows the region destroyed diaphragmatic contour, and folded portion can be easily demonstrated. Inadequate re-expansion of lung tissue after pneumonia or embolism of bleeding can lead to stable linear opacities, which are often found in the lungs, 3-5 cm long strips, and represent a plate atelectasis. the presence of liquid , the language of the lung tissue, which normally projects at the rear edge-diaphragmatic angle can swim up and take on light. coupling can occur between the parts and make the back of the lungs. When liquid is absorbed, composed of, can not re-expand because of adhesions. Then it is as a round opacity in the back and one of the lower zone to reach the edge-diaphragmatic angle. This type of transparency has a distinctive appearance and is called round atelectasis. Alf Kolbenstvedt, Arnulf Skjennald and Charles B. Higgins.